Free multi-market seller policy tool
Know who pays, who reviews, and what to do next
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy. 18 live markets.
✓Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.✓No login or data upload✓Deadlines, cost, evidence and performance risk
01 · MARKET PACKS
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
United States, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Japan
🇺🇸United States
30-day buyer request window, 4-business-day return inspection, US returnless thresholds and NBFR/SPS exposure.
Open in rule finder → 🇬🇧United Kingdom
30-day buyer window, 2-day initial review, 4-day return inspection, Speedy Refund and UK consumer-rights caveats.
Open in rule finder → 🇲🇾Malaysia
15/30-day request windows, 1-working-day reviews, low-value auto-approval exposure, SFRR and 20-hour AHT target.
Open in rule finder → 🇸🇬Singapore
6/15-day request windows, 1-day initial review, 2-day inspection, SFRR and 20-hour AHT target.
Open in rule finder → 🇹🇭Thailand
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇵🇭Philippines
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇻🇳Vietnam
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇩🇪Germany
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇫🇷France
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇪🇸Spain
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇮🇹Italy
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇮🇪Ireland
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇧🇪Belgium
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇳🇱Netherlands
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇵🇱Poland
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇲🇽Mexico
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇧🇷Brazil
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder → 🇯🇵Japan
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Open in rule finder →
02 · POLICY EVIDENCE
Built from TikTok Shop official rules
The result shows only the official sources for the selected market. A market pack can be updated without rewriting the UI.
Built from TikTok Shop official rulesPolicies change. The live Seller Center case timer always takes precedence.
03 · FAQ
Scope and common questions
Which markets are supported?
United States, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Mexico, Brazil, Japan. Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Why choose a market first?
Buyer windows, seller SLAs, shipping cost, returnless thresholds and NBFR/SFRR/AHT exposure differ by market.
How are the recommendations generated?
A deterministic rule tree maps market, shop tier, product, request reason, stage, amount, logistics and seller automation to deadlines, cost, evidence and actions.
Can I use the result to reject a buyer automatically?
No. A rejection must be supported by the live case, authentic evidence, Seller Center rules and applicable law.
Why does the tool highlight AHT?
Malaysia and Singapore use After-sales Handling Time in Store Rating from July 2026; the official target is below 20 hours.
Is this an official TikTok tool?
No. Tec-Pulse is not affiliated with or endorsed by TikTok. The page links to the TikTok Shop official rules used.
TEC-PULSE
From one return case to repeatable seller diagnostics
The rule finder answers what to do now. Tec-Pulse connects the next layer: settlement, fulfillment, enforcement, traffic and ads diagnostics.
Explore Tec-Pulse→
Check the live Seller Center case timer
{{market}} policy pack
Buyer request window: {{buyerWindow}} days · default manual review: {{initial}} working/business day(s) · return inspection: {{inspection}} day(s) · currency: {{currency}}.
United States
US
🇺🇸
USD
$
verified
live
United Kingdom
UK
🇬🇧
GBP
£
verified
live
Malaysia
MY
🇲🇾
MYR
RM
verified
live
Singapore
SG
🇸🇬
SGD
S$
verified
live
Thailand
TH
🇹🇭
THB
฿
verified
live
Philippines
PH
🇵🇭
PHP
₱
verified
live
Vietnam
VN
🇻🇳
VND
₫
verified
live
Indonesia
ID
🇮🇩
IDR
Rp
pending
live
Germany
DE
🇩🇪
EUR
€
verified
live
France
FR
🇫🇷
EUR
€
verified
live
Spain
ES
🇪🇸
EUR
€
verified
live
Italy
IT
🇮🇹
EUR
€
verified
live
Ireland
IE
🇮🇪
EUR
€
verified
live
Belgium
BE
🇧🇪
EUR
€
verified
live
Netherlands
NL
🇳🇱
EUR
€
verified
live
Poland
PL
🇵🇱
PLN
zł
verified
live
Austria
AT
🇦🇹
EUR
€
pending
live
Mexico
MX
🇲🇽
MXN
$
verified
live
Brazil
BR
🇧🇷
BRL
R$
verified
live
Saudi Arabia
SA
🇸🇦
SAR
﷼
unconfirmed
unconfirmed
Japan
JP
🇯🇵
JPY
¥
verified
live
Czechia
CZ
🇨🇿
CZK
Kč
staged
staged
Greece
GR
🇬🇷
EUR
€
staged
staged
Hungary
HU
🇭🇺
HUF
Ft
staged
staged
Portugal
PT
🇵🇹
EUR
€
staged
staged
{{market}} policy snapshot: {{version}} · checked {{checked}}. Seller Center controls the live outcome.
rule confidence
high
medium
Seller action required
Platform / logistics review
Auto-approval risk
Usually not eligible
Monitor the case
Review the evidence and act before the live case timer expires.
The physical return may already be accepted; prepare for the inspection decision.
The item has returned. Inspect, grade, and preserve evidence before deciding.
The request may be platform-approved or require a seller decision. Use the live timer.
This is normally a refund-only review rather than a standard physical return.
TikTok Shop / the logistics path owns the primary review; track reimbursement and appeal evidence.
This delayed in-transit case may be auto-refunded under the selected threshold.
An in-transit refund request needs a fast tracking and eligibility review.
UK late-delivery refund-only review: verify the promised date and respond within the two-business-day window.
The order is still in transit. Preserve tracking evidence and follow the live timer.
The return carrier clock can trigger an automatic refund if the parcel never reaches you.
Monitor the return-tracking window and prepare an appeal or compensation request.
If the UK return does not reach you within the tracking window, prepare a compensation request.
Self-arranged return: use the longer tracking/evidence review window and document non-receipt.
Confirm stock and decide quickly; replacement shipping is a seller cost.
Virtual goods are generally outside the standard physical-return flow.
Change-of-mind is generally outside the final-sale exception path.
Do not assume dispatch will close the request—act before the pre-shipment timer expires.
Review owner
Your next deadline
Buyer request window
Buyer return-shipment window
Return inspection SLA
Return shipping cost
Likely refund path
Performance exposure
Who must make or monitor the next decision.
Use the Seller Center countdown if it differs.
Market/tier default; product and law exceptions may extend it.
When the buyer must hand over or prove the return.
Target for accepting, rejecting, grading or appealing after receipt.
Gross responsibility before subsidies, rebates or claims.
Returnless, speedy, manual, or seller-rule path.
Potential NBFR/SFRR/AHT/SPS impact based on the final responsibility reason.
Seller
TikTok Shop / platform
Seller first, platform if escalated
No seller decision
Platform or seller, depending on the case tag
{{value}} business day(s) from the request
{{value}} working day(s) from the request
{{value}} business day(s) after receiving the return
{{value}} working day(s) after receiving the return
{{value}} business day(s) once the return arrives
{{value}} working day(s) once the return arrives
{{value}} calendar days from delivery
{{value}} calendar days after approval
Within the {{value}}-day return window (late-window requests may get extra time)
{{value}} hours from the request
Submit requested evidence within {{value}} hours
{{value}} calendar days after carrier receipt
{{value}} calendar days from return-tracking evidence
{{value}} calendar days after the refund is processed
Automatic once the EDT is more than 6 days late
No seller review timer under this platform-managed rule
No standard appeal window when your own auto-rule triggered
Use the live Seller Center case timer
Use the Appeal button / timer shown in Seller Center
Use the return-tracking and case timer in Seller Center
Use the live Seller Center timer
{{value}} business day(s)
{{value}} working day(s)
{{value}} calendar days
{{value}} hours
No seller timer under this rule
Platform automatic decision
Within the policy return window
Physical return request is automatically accepted
Seller manual review
Platform-managed review
Platform may approve it; manual cases still need seller action
Already approved or moving through the return flow
Refund-only path; no standard physical return
Usually outside the standard return rule
Standard case review
Buyer pays for a customer-arranged US return
Seller pays 50% for eligible TikTok-arranged buyer-remorse returns; Seller Center controls the final share
TikTok Shop and the seller share this change-of-mind return cost; check the Seller Center schedule.
TikTok Shop bears eligible Change-of-Mind forward/return shipping in this market
Seller bears the applicable return cost
Seller bears the cost first; a carrier claim may apply
Platform / carrier reimbursement or claim path may apply
Seller covers replacement shipping
No physical return shipping in this path
Check the market cost breakdown and case details in Seller Center
Standard return/refund review
Manual refund-only review
Your seller returnless rule can auto-refund; seller pays and the rule-triggered decision may not be appealable
Your automated or case-by-case partial-refund rule may take over
US platform returnless refund may apply at ≤$10; buyer-remorse cost may be shared
US platform returnless refund may apply at ≤$10; seller-fault cost is seller exposure
Platform returnless refund may apply to this low-value item
UK automated returnless refund may apply to eligible items below £5
UK Speedy Refund may apply below £90; inspect on arrival and preserve appeal evidence
Low-value request may be auto-approved if the account auto-approval tool is active
Refund-only review is expected for this non-returnable item
Replacement / exchange path
Not applicable to this request
Likely NBFR / SPS exposure if seller or logistics fault is confirmed
Change-of-mind normally does not count as non-buyer fault
FBT orders are excluded from US NBFR under the current update
Depends on the final responsibility assignment
Likely UK seller-fault return/refund and SPS exposure
Change-of-mind normally should not be seller-fault
Depends on the final reason / arbitration result
Seller-fault return/refund exposure plus AHT risk; target AHT is below 20 hours
Main operational risk is AHT; act early even if the reason is not seller-fault
Review the documented seller-fault return-rate guidance; no universal outcome is inferred.
No separate performance metric was established by this official source.
Do now
Open Orders → Manage Returns and use the exact countdown shown on the case.
Approve, reject, grade, appeal or escalate before the deadline.
Inspect the parcel and item immediately after receipt; record the entire opening process.
Save authentic photos, tracking, product-condition and listing evidence before rejecting.
Check the final responsibility reason because it can affect NBFR/SFRR, AHT, SPS or Store Rating.
Confirm whether your own returnless / partial-refund automation triggered the outcome.
Use the market rules and actual loss to calculate a defensible partial refund; do not invent a blanket deduction.
Check whether the aftersales auto-approval tool has been activated on this shop.
Treat a Speedy Refund as an evidence-first appeal workflow after the item arrives.
For Malaysia/Singapore, aim to keep 60-day After-sales Handling Time below 20 hours.
Sort Awaiting Your Action by time remaining and handle cases with less than one day first.
Confirm replacement inventory and remember the seller covers replacement shipping.
Verify whether the buyer reason creates an exception to the normal non-returnable rule.
Final-sale exceptions generally cover not received, damaged/defective, or wrong-item cases—not change of mind.
Do not assume dispatching the parcel will automatically reject or close the refund request.
Check buyer rescheduling, address changes, refusal or unreachable-buyer exceptions.
If the platform auto-approves and you have evidence, use Manage Returns → Appeal.
Review carrier scans, promised/estimated delivery dates and buyer messages before deciding.
For eligible platform-shipping logistics issues, follow the market claim / reimbursement path.
Monitor the platform decision and reimbursement/compensation record.
Check the return carrier receipt/drop-off date and preserve proof of non-delivery.
Prepare the appeal or compensation package before the displayed window expires.
Review buyer photos, description, quantity and tracking before approving or rejecting.
For UK late delivery, verify the promised date and buyer-related delivery exceptions.
Evidence pack
Screenshot the case status, reason, amount and live countdown.
Save the buyer-submitted photos, description and claimed defect/shortage.
Export order details, tracking scans, promised/estimated delivery date and shipping type.
Save the listing title, variation, images, specifications and return eligibility shown at purchase.
Keep warehouse QC, packing photos, pick list, weight and package handover records.
Collect carrier acceptance, delay, loss, damage and delivery-attempt proof.
Photograph both outer packaging and inner item/package damage.
Record the returned parcel opening from sealed outer package to the item.
Photograph condition, labels, tags, accessories, quantity and any damage in clear light.
Match serial number, SKU, accessories, free gifts and missing parts against the outbound record.
US rejection/appeal evidence: JPG/PNG, up to 6 images, each no larger than 5 MB.
UK rejections should clearly grade item condition and specify missing parts; submit requested dispute documents within 48 hours.
Malaysia/Singapore: prepare packaging/item photos, tracking and an unboxing video where available before the short inspection/appeal window.
Avoid
Do not leave the case untouched—timeouts may auto-approve and can worsen AHT.
Do not move the return/refund or payment off TikTok Shop.
Do not reject with a generic reason or without authentic, case-specific evidence.
Do not assume TikTok will subsidize a seller-defined returnless or partial refund.
Do not publish blanket “no return/no refund” language that conflicts with platform rules or consumer law.
Do not label a buyer fraudulent or at fault without objective evidence.
Important limitation
This result interprets public US rules. The live Seller Center timer, final reason assignment, subsidies, account eligibility and applicable consumer law control the outcome.
This result interprets public UK rules. UK consumer rights may be broader than the platform workflow; the live case and applicable law take precedence.
This result interprets public Malaysia rules. Mall status, auto-approval activation, return method, live timers and local law control the final outcome.
This result interprets public Singapore rules. Mall status, auto-approval activation, return method, live timers and local law control the final outcome.
Official rules used for this result
Requirements for Managing Returns, Refunds, and Replacements
US · 2026-06-25
https://seller-us.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=984433248438058
Customer Order Cancellation, Return, and Refund Policy
US · current
https://seller-us.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3253210454181634
Non-Buyer Fault Return and Refund Rate Requirements
US · current
https://seller-us.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=5914428974778167
Guide to Managing Returns, Refunds and Replacements
GB · 2026-06-04
https://seller-uk.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3837818602997536
UK Customer Order Cancellation, Return and Refund Policy
GB · current
https://seller-uk.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=10001424&lang=en-GB
Return Eligibility Update for Non-returnable Items
GB · current
https://seller-uk.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3020091257276182
Managing Return and Refund Requests
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=1199113447540481&lang=en
Change of Mind Returns
MY · 2026-06-10
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7119460838983425&lang=en
After-sales Handling Time
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3990784841303824&lang=en
Seller-Fault Return and Refund Rate
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=6984245093713681&lang=en
Customer Order Cancellation, Return and Refund Policy
SG · current
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7654182014830338
Returns And Refunds
SG · current
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3594067754370817
After-sales Handling Time
SG · current
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3869017900451601
Change of Mind Returns
SG · 2026-06-10
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7119460838885121
Returns and refunds policy for Thailand
TH · current
https://seller-th.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=2174856867497745&lang=en
Normal Seller (Non-Mall) Commission Fee
TH · 2026-07-05
https://seller-th.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=10014445&lang=en
Mall Commission Fee
TH · 2026-07-05
https://seller-th.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7485510424282896&lang=en
Transaction Fee
TH · 2026-03-21
https://seller-th.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=10011830&lang=en
Payment settlement policy for Thailand
TH · current
https://seller-th.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=6837814452946689&lang=en
Returns and refunds policy for the Philippines
PH · current
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7654203686340353&lang=en
Platform Commission Fee
PH · 2025-01-15
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3157977859229442&lang=en
Transaction Fee
PH · 2026-07-23
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?course_type=1&from=search&identity=1&knowledge_id=3161439284496130&role=1
Shipping Service Fee
PH · current
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=4909895883212561
Order Processing Fee
PH · 2025-12-01
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=6374416701966081
Bonus Cashback Free Offering and Seller Growth Fee
PH · 2026-04-27
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7913173433534224
Returns and refunds policy for Vietnam
VN · current
https://seller-vn.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=10000852&lang=en
Payment Settlement
VN · current
https://seller-vn.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=6091769578850065
Platform commission fee policy for Vietnam
VN · current
https://seller-vn.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=8858869405370113&lang=en
Return policy for selected European markets
BE, DE, ES, FR, IE, IT, NL, PL · current
https://seller-fr.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=748064114280213&lang=en-GB
Platform commission fee policy for European markets
AT, BE, CZ, DE, ES, FR, GR, HU, IE, IT, NL, PL, PT · current
https://seller-fr.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=309517108905745&lang=en-GB
Settlement policy for selected European markets
BE, DE, ES, FR, IE, IT, NL, PL · current
https://seller-fr.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=4318005253998358&lang=en-GB
Returns and refunds policy for Mexico
MX · current
https://seller-mx.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=4421315356477201&lang=en
Platform Commission Fee & Fee per item sold
MX · 2026-07-06
https://seller-mx.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=309514093152016&lang=en
Payment Settlement
PH · current
https://seller-ph.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=1441687508780801&lang=en
Settlement policy for Mexico
MX · current
https://seller-mx.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=8289533054207745&lang=en
Returns and refunds policy for Brazil
BR · current
https://seller-br.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=894339073115921&lang=en
Platform commission fee policy for Brazil
BR · 2026-07-15
https://seller-br.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=24428156307201&lang=en
Settlement policy for Brazil
BR · current
https://seller-br.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=24428155995905&lang=en
Returns and refunds policy for Japan
JP · current
https://seller-jp.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=2735097048762128&lang=ja-JP
Dynamic Settlement and Reserve Policy
JP · current
https://seller-jp.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=2721464349198081&lang=en
Settlement and payout guide
JP · current
https://seller-jp.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=100037342562049
Fee and refund processing policy for Japan
JP · current
https://seller-jp.tiktok.com/university/essay?default_language=en&knowledge_id=6558182719014672
Finances Page FAQ
US · current
https://seller-us.tiktok.com/university/essay?default_language=en&knowledge_id=2470273945257771
Dynamic Settlement and Reserve Policy
US · current
https://seller-us.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=3995852763531009&lang=en
Payment Settlement Period
GB · current
https://seller-uk.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7753847099475714&lang=en-GB
Complete The Payment Verification
GB · current
https://seller-uk.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=4494325455030018&lang=en-GB
Commission Fee and Seller Fees Calculations
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=6907739532281602&lang=en
Transaction Fee
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=10013511&lang=en
Platform Support Fee
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=7992113007347457&lang=en
Payment Settlement
MY · current
https://seller-my.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=6295179426662160&lang=en
Introduction to Seller Fees
SG · current
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=113323786536705
Transaction Fee
SG · current
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?knowledge_id=780268081530625
Payment Settlement
SG · current
https://seller-sg.tiktok.com/university/essay?course_type=1&from=search&identity=1&knowledge_id=8150481751656193&role=1
Finance Report Guide
GB · current
https://seller-uk.tiktok.com/university/essay?from=feature_guide&identity=1&knowledge_id=7753826522744578&role=1
Link copied
US
GB
MY
SG
TH
PH
VN
ID
DE
FR
ES
IT
IE
BE
NL
PL
AT
MX
BR
JP
CZ
GR
HU
PT
SA
Verified
Partial verification
Pending verification
Staged
Unconfirmed live status
Unsupported
Verified
Partial verification
Pending verification
Staged
Unconfirmed live status
Unsupported
Language changes the interface; market determines the TikTok Shop policy.
Official evidence is shown before this capability can be calculated.
Official rule verification is pending for this capability.
This market is listed, but this capability is not used for calculation until verified officially.
No other market policy is substituted. Check the linked official source before acting.
Verification boundary
Tec-Pulse does not calculate an unverified market rule or substitute another market.
Market coverage is verified per capability and never inherited from another market.
Does language change the TikTok Shop market rules?
No. Locale controls the interface; the selected market controls policy, currency, and evidence. Unverified capabilities remain pending.
Partial verification: source-backed fields are shown.
Only fields with official evidence are shown; unverified fields stay outside calculation.
Only source-backed fields are calculated; unverified fields stay outside calculation.
Partial verification boundary
This result shows only fields with a linked official source; unverified fields are not calculated.
Launch status is unconfirmed.
Launch status has not been confirmed by a primary TikTok Shop source. This market is not selectable or calculated.
This market is not selectable or calculated until a primary TikTok Shop source confirms the launch.
Unconfirmed launch status
No first-party TikTok Shop launch or Seller Academy evidence has been confirmed for this market.
Find this Market’s official policy and live timer in Seller Center before acting.
Open in rule finder →
Registry sources verified: {{date}}
{{live}} live markets · {{verified}} verified · {{partial}} partial · {{pending}} pending
Find this Market’s official policy and live timer in Seller Center before acting.
Not rated
Not rated
Open the linked official policy page and compare the live Seller Center timer.
Confirm the selected Market in Seller Center and save the official source.
Do not substitute another market policy.
Verified fields for this market are shown below; Seller Center remains authoritative.
This result uses the selected market’s verified registry evidence. Live Seller Center timers and case details take precedence.
Use the longer of {{approval}} calendar days after approval or {{delivery}} calendar days from delivery.
{{value}} days under the official market policy.
{{value}} hours under the official market policy.
current
verified
Official rule verification is pending for this capability.
This market is listed, but this capability is not used for calculation until verified officially.
No other market policy is substituted. Check the linked official source before acting.
Verification boundary
Tec-Pulse does not calculate an unverified market rule or substitute another market.